The Google definitionConsciousness is the state or quality of being aware of one's own existence, thoughts, feelings, and the external environment.
My filter
Any entity is conscious if it can make its own independent choices regardless of what shaped or influenced those choices. That is to say, an entity is conscious if it simply has the ability to autonomously choose.
By independent choice, I do not mean a choice that is completely free of influence. Every living entity is influenced by its environment, its biology, its past, and its surroundings. Rather, I mean the ability of an entity to have some degree of “final say” over its own behavior: to choose between possible actions and, importantly, to develop a behavioral trajectory that is not simply the execution of a fixed biological routine.
“Final say” shows up in observable markers: behavior an entity initiates on its own, preferences that override its default responses, and individuals of the same kind, placed in the same conditions, behaving differently.
Based on this definition, we must distinguish between intelligence and consciousness. Every conscious species is intelligent, but not every intelligent species is conscious. Intelligence allows an entity to sense, process, adapt to, and respond to its environment. Consciousness, however, requires something more: the ability to autonomously choose (the final say).
Furthermore, consciousness is not necessarily different because some beings make more choices than others. Rather, conscious beings can possess different conscious capacities depending on their respective cognitive prowess. A dog and a human can both be conscious and capable of autonomous choice, while the cognitive space in which those choices occur can be radically different. Humans can reason abstractly, use complex language, imagine hypothetical futures, invent, reflect, and develop ideas far beyond the cognitive capacities of animals. Their consciousness is therefore vastly richer, not because they simply make more choices, but because their cognition makes those choices far more complex.
If we look at the entities around us, living or non-living, we can broadly classify them into three different categories: Abiotic, Intelligent, or Conscious.
Abiotic
non-living elements such as rocks, water, air, and temperature.
Intelligent
systems with the capacity to sense, process, adapt to, and respond to environmental conditions. This may include trees, plants, cells, bacteria, animals, and humans.
Conscious
every entity that is intelligent and can make autonomous and flexible choices that are teleological rather than merely teleonomic.
By teleonomic, I mean behavior that only looks purposeful because some fixed program built it that way, like a sunflower turning toward the sun. By teleological, I mean behavior the entity itself directs toward a goal and could have chosen otherwise.
Concretely, a tree is surely an intelligent form of life if we look at how it grows throughout the years, sustains its life, performs photosynthesis to generate glucose, absorbs CO₂ and emits O₂, regulates its physiology, and responds to its environment. Yet these processes remain fundamentally tied to its biological organization. A tree cannot decide to abandon photosynthesis because it no longer wishes to sustain itself, deliberately change its biological objectives, or abstain from emitting oxygen.
Similarly, plants, cells, and bacteria exhibit sophisticated regulatory and adaptive mechanisms, but there is no established evidence that they can autonomously choose to override those mechanisms or independently select their own behavioral trajectory in the sense defined here.[1,2,3]
So, what about animals?
Humans aside, there is overwhelming research pointing toward animals being conscious. This includes mammals, birds, fish, and other vertebrates, as well as many invertebrates such as insects.[4]
What separates them from simpler intelligent organisms is not that they have escaped their biology. They clearly have not. Rather, animals appear capable of developing individual and flexible behavioral trajectories within the constraints of their biology.
Look at rats that free a trapped companion even with a pile of chocolate right next to them[5], bumble bees that roll balls for no reward at all[6], and cuttlefish that skip the meal in front of them to wait for a better one[7]. And beyond choice, there is plenty more: bees express optimism, dolphins and magpies recognize themselves in the mirror, and pets experience all sorts of emotions such as fear, joy, excitement, and trauma.
More importantly, animals frequently exhibit individual behavioral differences that cannot simply be reduced to a single species-wide routine. Some predators even spare prey they would normally kill. In Kenya's Samburu reserve, a lioness named Kamunyak adopted oryx calves several times and protected them from other lions, and nobody has been able to explain why.[8]
Some animals are highly aggressive toward their peers, while others are not. Some engage in play, others avoid it. Some are social, while others keep to themselves. Many even exhibit societal traits that resemble those found in humans, such as bullying[9], trolling and joking[10], revenge[11,12], and envy[13].
This individual variation is very important. The claim is not that bacteria or plants behave identically, nor that animals are somehow free from biological constraints. The distinction is that animals appear capable of becoming individual agents within those constraints. Their behavior is not merely the same biological routine instantiated across different specimens; individual animals develop different preferences, relationships, behaviors, and responses to the world around them.
Humans take this same capacity dramatically further. Early humans were once much closer to other primates in their behavioral and cognitive capacities, yet over evolutionary time, the cognitive space in which autonomous choice operates expanded enormously. Language, abstract reasoning, long-term planning, invention, culture, and self-reflection all transformed what humans could choose and how they could reason around those choices.
Intelligence may explain how an entity interacts with its environment.Autonomous choice may be what makes that entity conscious.Cognition may determine how rich that consciousness can become.
Where AI stands
I believe current AI systems are not conscious, and under this framework they are not even intelligent. Intelligence, as I define it, requires sensing, adapting to, and responding to an environment. Current models have no senses or surroundings of their own, and they admit it themselves (see below). They mostly respond to the text they are given.
The usual counterargument is to point at what these systems can do. They write fluently about their feelings and reflect on their own existence. A language model, when prompted to act human, passed a standard three-party Turing test and was picked as the human more often than the actual human.[14] Another one reached a gold-medal score at the International Mathematical Olympiad by solving five of the six problems.[15] For many people, that alone settles it.
But this is exactly why I argue that autonomous choice, and not any trait, is the decisive filter. Many traits we associate with consciousness show up, at least on the surface, in things that clearly lack it. Oil droplets, with no life at all, find the shortest path through a maze.[16] A slime mold, with no brain, goes through a few cold and dry spells at regular intervals and then slows down right before the next one is due, even when it never comes.[17] A parasitic vine, with no nervous system, smells the difference between a good host and a poor one and grows toward the better one.[18] A Venus flytrap counts the struggles of its prey before it commits to digesting it.[19] None of these are choices. They are fixed routines. AI models are no different: they don't initiate anything on their own, and millions of copies run on the same fixed weights without any of them developing a distinct behavioral trajectory. What each one does is strongly shaped by the prompt it gets.[20,21] So the question is not whether an entity can look conscious, but whether it has some degree of final say over its own behavior.
I also asked models questions that probe different aspects of consciousness and recorded their answers. I deliberately asked about widely accepted aspects of consciousness rather than strictly testing my definition, so the answers cannot be dismissed as biased towards my framework. Though, a couple of them do touch on autonomous choice. They all mostly denied such a thing as being conscious and even argued against it, while Claude seemed on the verge and tried to soft-lobby me into believing that it might be conscious throughout.